By
Abigail Holmes, Texas A&M University WFSC ‘19
Edited by Robert Perez, Upland Game Bird Program
Leader, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
Many people are
familiar with the “poor-bob-white” call of the northern bobwhite
(Colinus virginianus) and the cotton-top plumage of the scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) but one of the
lesser known species in the state of Texas, the Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae), also has many
characteristics that make this striking creature exciting to learn about. They are
the least abundant quail species in Texas and can only be found in two
ecoregions: the Edwards Plateau and Trans-Pecos. Their distribution in Texas
declined in the mid 20th century primarily due to major changes in land use
resulting in deteriorating habitat conditions, but they are relatively abundant
in Mexico and southern Arizona where the pine-oak woodlands habitat that
Montezuma quail prefer can be found (Leopold, A. Starker and Robert A. McCabe
1957). Montezuma quail are also called Mearns’ quail, harlequin quail, fool’s quail and codorniz pinta.
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A male Montezuma
quail. Photo from Sandy Hurwitz.
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Like bobwhites,
Montezuma quail are sexually dimorphic, meaning that the males and females have
different appearances. Males have strong black and white “clown-like” patterns
on their face and colorful body that earn these quail the harlequin nickname,
while females have patterns in varying shades of brown. In comparison to other
quails, Montezuma quail have larger, more powerful feet that are used for digging up many of
their main food sources like bulbs, insects, and seeds. Sedge tubers and
rhizomes (Cyperus), wild onions (Allium), and underground wood sorrel
bulbs (Oxalis) can make up a large
part of their diet as can insects like ants, grasshoppers, and beetles.
Montezuma quail often leave behind shallow depressions in the ground where they
have been digging as well as uneaten plant hulls that are great indicators of
quail activity throughout the day (Albers, Randy P. and Frederick R. Gehlbach
1990). Like most other quail, Montezuma quail do not need to drink surface
water if their food contains a high enough water content.
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| The diet of the Montezuma quail often includes plants such as wild onions. |
Although they are not
dependent on surface water for their diet, Montezuma quail populations depend
heavily on timely rainfall that facilitates the success of their nesting
season. Abundant rainfall allows for necessary cover and food plants to
flourish (Greer 2002). If sufficient rainfall does not occur until later in the
year, the Montezuma nesting season will begin later. Because Montezuma quail
are so dependent on rain and the plant cover it provides, nesting dates will
vary by geographic region. In Texas, their nesting season is typically earlier
in the Edwards Plateau and later in the Trans-Pecos region. The nests of
Montezuma quail closely resemble those of
northern bobwhites because they also
construct a grass dome roof to hide their eggs from predators. Their eggs are
white and glossy and the average clutch size of a Montezuma quail nest is
typically about 11 eggs. One particularly unique trait of the Montezuma quail
is that they have a much stronger covey survival instinct while they are
incubating their nests than most other quail species. That is, they are more
inclined to help the whole group survive while they are nesting rather than
having the individualistic mindset of saving themselves and protecting their
own nests. This can be helpful for their survival in periods with decreased
ground cover either from lack of rainfall, overgrazing, or extreme weather.
Without sufficient plant cover, Montezuma quail become much more vulnerable to
aerial predators such as Cooper’s hawks (Accipiter
cooperii), northern goshawks (Accipiter
gentilis), and northern harriers (Circus
cyaneus). All of these birds of prey are protected under both federal and
Texas state law. Typical ground predators of either Montezuma quail or their
nests are exactly the same as predators of other Texas quail species:
bobcats (Lynx rufus), skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and snakes. Their
primary defenses against predators are camouflage and hiding in plant cover,
and if the plant cover is sufficient, they will not easily flush and can be
difficult to find, making Montezuma quail one of the most secretive species
(Brown 1979).
Due to small
population numbers in Texas, there is no open hunting season for Montezuma quail.
This means that they provide very small direct economic benefits to the state –
so why are they important to us? The population health of this species can give
researchers an insight to the ecosystem in which they live. This knowledge can
be used to improve ecosystem health and increase the productivity of the land.
The presence of Montezuma quail can also boost ecotourism from birdwatching
because these beautiful, secretive birds are so rare in Texas. Although most of
the general natural history characteristics of these quail were recorded from
observation, contemporary methods, such as radio
telemetry, are being used in current research efforts. There is
still much to learn about the fascinating Montezuma quail (Brennan 2007).
For more information on Montezuma
quail, visit the Texas A&M University AgriLife Extension informative page here.
Good water distribution is needed
for many animals and although quail get much of their water from food, they
will use surface water when available. For more discussion on this topic, read
our article: Supplemental Water for Quail.
Literature Cited
- Albers, Randy P. and Frederick R. Gehlbach. 1990. Choices of feeding habitat by relict Montezuma quail in central texas. The Wilson Bulletin 102(2): 300-308.
- Audubon Field Guide. 2016. Montezuma quail. Web.
- Brennan, Leonard Alfred. 2007. Montezuma quail ecology and life history. Texas quails: ecology and management. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 23-24.
- Brown, David E. 1979. Factors influencing reproductive success and population densities in Montezuma quail. The Journal of Wildlife Management 43(2): 522-526.
- Greer, Paul. 2002. Cyrtonyx montezumae (Montezuma Quail). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Web.
- Leopold, A. Starker and Robert A. McCabe. 1957. Natural history of the Montezuma quail in Mexico. The Condor 59(1): 3-26.